Para-Shield by DaVinci Labs

Purchase

• Amazon
• Natural Health Concepts

Prescription

1 capsule, twice a day

Ingredients

Note that Walsh's recommendation is half of what the label suggests.

Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) Green Hull, 200 mg

PubMed search results

"[G]reen hull of J. regia showed strong reducing power activity and total antioxidant capacity." It appears they extract cells from the walnut hull in ethanol.

• Sharma, P., Ravikumar, G., Kalaiselvi, M., Gomathi, D., & Uma, C. (2013). In vitro antibacterial and free radical scavenging activity of green hull of Juglans regia. Journal of pharmaceutical analysis, 3(4), 298–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2013.01.006

"Methanol and ethanol extracts of walnut leaf and hull against S. cerevisiae, B. Licheniformis and A. nigerin date syrup were effective, and can be used for the spoilage control and shelf-life increasing of the product."

• Heshmati, A., Azizi, M., Ghadimi, S. (2017). Influence of ethanol and methanol extracts of walnut leaf and green hull on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus Licheniformis and Aspergillus niger in date syrup. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, 11(4): 81-88. link

Wormwood (Artemesia annua) (stem and leaf powder) 100 mg

PubMed search results

"Artemisia annua is commonly used for its anti-malarial, immunosuppressive anti-inflammatory properties. Artemisia annua contributes to the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, heart diseases, arthritis and eczema and possesses various effects such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticoccidial, and antiviral effects. Furthermore, it was said to be good for cancer treatment. In this study, anti-malarial, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory properties of this plant are presented using published articles in scientific sites."

• Alesaeidi, S., & Miraj, S. (2016). A Systematic Review of Anti-malarial Properties, Immunosuppressive Properties, Anti-inflammatory Properties, and Anti-cancer Properties of Artemisia Annua. Electronic physician, 8(10), 3150–3155. https://doi.org/10.19082/3150

"Both gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Listeria spp.), and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas spp.) and other microorganisms (Candida, Saccharomyces, and Aspergillus spp.) have been investigated. However, the experimental studies performed to date used different methods and diverse microorganisms; as a consequence, a comparative analysis on a quantitative basis is very difficult." -Bilia, A. R., Santomauro, F., Sacco, C., Bergonzi, M. C., & Donato, R. (2014). Essential Oil of Artemisia annua L.: An Extraordinary Component with Numerous Antimicrobial Properties. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2014, 159819. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/159819

Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) Seed Extract, 100 mg

PubMed search results

"The information published so far has shown interesting results, therefore, the aims of the present review are to initially examine the main characteristics of the fruit, followed by systematization of the acquired knowledge concerning the biomedical, antigenotoxic and chemopreventive effects produced by the three main structures of the fruit: peel, seed, and pulp."

• Cristóbal-Luna, J. M., Álvarez-González, I., Madrigal-Bujaidar, E., & Chamorro-Cevallos, G. (2018). Grapefruit and its biomedical, antigenotoxic and chemopreventive properties. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 112, 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.038

"[O]ur results suggest that GSE might be used as an anti-biofilm agent that is effective against S. aureus and E. coli."

• Song, Y. J., Yu, H. H., Kim, Y. J., Lee, N. K., & Paik, H. D. (2019). Anti-Biofilm Activity of Grapefruit Seed Extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 29(8), 1177–1183. https://doi.org/10.1041/jmb.1905.05022

"GSE solution is capable of cleansing C. albicans biofilms on denture-base resin and has a persistent inhibitory effect on biofilm development[.]"

• Tsutsumi-Arai, C., Takakusaki, K., Arai, Y., Terada-Ito, C., Takebe, Y., Imamura, T., Ide, S., Tatehara, S., Tokuyama-Toda, R., Wakabayashi, N., & Satomura, K. (2019). Grapefruit seed extract effectively inhibits the Candida albicans biofilms development on polymethyl methacrylate denture-base resin. PloS one, 14(5), e0217496. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217496

"GSE is a potential novel disinfectant against viruses and bacteria, effective even within a short contact time."

• Komura, M., Suzuki, M., Sangsriratanakul, N., Ito, M., Takahashi, S., Alam, M. S., Ono, M., Daio, C., Shoham, D., & Takehara, K. (2019). Inhibitory effect of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian pathogens. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 81(3), 466–472. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.18-0754

Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract, 100 mg

PubMed search results

"The phenolic compounds present in olive leaves, especially the oleuropein, are associated to antioxidant, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and cardioprotective activity. Furthermore, studies associate the oleuropein to an anti-inflammatory effect in trauma of the bone marrow and as a support in the treatment of obesity."

• Vogel, P., Kasper Machado, I., Garavaglia, J., Zani, V. T., de Souza, D., & Morelo Dal Bosco, S. (2014). Polyphenols benefits of olive leaf (Olea europaea L) to human health. Nutricion hospitalaria, 31(3), 1427–1433. https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.31.3.8400

Pau D'Arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa) Bark Powder, 100 mg

PubMed search results

"The present study examined the efficacy of finely ground powder from the inner bark of TA, available under the name of Taheebo-NFD-Marugoto (TNM). [...] TNM treatment downregulated ESR-1 (gene for ER-α), aromatase and progesterone gene expression and reduced mRNA levels of E2 target genes pS2, GRB2 and cyclin D1. Inhibition of aromatase activity, based on the NFD content of TNM was superior to the clinical AIs Letrozole and Exemestane. These data demonstrated the potential efficacy of TNM as a nutritional alternative for current therapy of aromatase positive, post-menopausal breast cancer." This is from a different species of tree, but seems to inhibit aromatase activity and overall estrogen load.

• Telang, N., Nair, H. B., & Wong, G. (2019). Growth inhibitory efficacy and anti-aromatase activity of Tabebuia avellanedae in a model for post-menopausal Luminal A breast cancer. Biomedical reports, 11(5), 222–229. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2019.1244

Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) Seed, 100 mg

PubMed search results

"Black seed and [Thymoquinone] are shown to possess multiple useful effects for the treatment of patients with several diseases, such as inflammatory and auto-immune disorders, as well as metabolic syndrome. Also, other advantages, including antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive and anti-epileptic properties, have been documented. The side effects of this herbal medicine appear not to be serious, so it can be applied in clinical trials because of its many advantages."

• Tavakkoli, A., Mahdian, V., Razavi, B. M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2017). Review on Clinical Trials of Black Seed (Nigella sativa ) and Its Active Constituent, Thymoquinone. Journal of pharmacopuncture, 20(3), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2017.20.021

Garlic (Allium sativum) (odorless) Bulb Extract, 100 mg

PubMed search results

"Overall, the garlic was more influential than placebo in reducing the levels of lipid parameters including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and fasting blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1C."

• Shabani, E., Sayemiri, K., & Mohammadpour, M. (2019). The effect of garlic on lipid profile and glucose parameters in diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Primary care diabetes, 13(1), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2018.07.007

"Action of garlic against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus raises the possibility that it can be used for dental caries and other oral infections possibly."

• Kshirsagar, M. M., Dodamani, A. S., Karibasappa, G. N., Vishwakarma, P. K., Vathar, J. B., Sonawane, K. R., Jadhav, H. C., & Khobragade, V. R. (2018). Antibacterial activity of garlic extract on cariogenic bacteria: An in vitro study. Ayu, 39(3), 165–168. https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.AYU_193_16

"With regard to antimicrobial activity, aqueous extract exhibited antibacterial activity against gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureu,) and gram negative (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) strains and antifungal activity against Candida albicans. While methanol extract showed antimicrobial activity against all the tested micro organisms except two (Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans), the extracts of hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate did not show any anti microbial activity. [...] Aqueous and methanol extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity (80%-90% of the standard)."

• Meriga, B., Mopuri, R., & MuraliKrishna, T. (2012). Insecticidal, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bulb extracts of Allium sativum. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 5(5), 391–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60065-0